有机化学（一）：基本概念
       有机化学是化学的一个非常重要的分支，也是A-level考试的重点考察对象。这一领域入门比较困难，和之前学到的化学知识没有太多联系，而且学完以后往往没有多少时间消化就要准备迎接考试。对于有机化学，大家一定要克服畏难情绪，勤加记忆，多加练习，就能在有机这一块拿到高分。
        一、有机分子的表示方式
empirical formula
molecular formula
structural formula CH₃CH=CH₂
displayed formula
skeletal formula
        二、官能团    

functional group	structure	general formula	name
alkene			ethene
arene			benzene
halogeno-alkane			chloromethane
alcohol			methanol
aldehyde			ethanal
ketone			propanone
carboxylic acid			ethanoic acid
ester			ethyl ethanoate
amine			methylamine
nitrile			ethanenitrile

       三、有机分子的命名

no. of carbon atom	name of alkane
1	methane
2	ethane
3	propane
4	butane
5	pentane
6	hexane
7	heptane
8	octane
9	nonane
10	decane

       1. Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain.
       2. The numbering starts at the end that produces the lowest possible numbers in the name.
       3. The hydrocarbon side-chain is named by adding –yl to the normal alkane stem. This type of group is called an alkyl group.
       4. If there is more than one of the same alkyl side-chain, we indicate how many by inserting di, tri, tetra in front of its name.
       5. If there is more than one type of alkyl side-chain, they are listed in alphabetical order.
       6. In an alkene or alkyne, the longest carbon chain is numbered from the end that gives first carbon of the double/triple bond the lowest possible number.
       四、有机分子中的化学键
       sigma bond         sp³ orbital hybridization
       pi bond                sp² orbital hybridization
       五、同分异构体
       1、structural isomerism
       ü  functional group isomerism
              alkene - cycloalkane
              alcohol - ether
              aldehyde - ketone
              carboxylic acid – ester
       ü  chain isomerism
       ü  position isomerism
       2、 stereoisomerism
       ü  cis-trans
       ü  optical
       下面我们来看一道真题。
       s12-qp12
       
       解析：这道题考察的是有机分子的命名法。从penta-可以看出有5个碳原子，排除C和D，再从2号碳原子连氯原子，3号碳原子连-OH可以判断正确答案是A。